1. No parenthetical reference is needed if you are citing a complete work and identify the author in your text. Example: In To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates the racism that existed in the South in the 1930s.

2. If you are citing a complete work, you must give the author’s last name in a parenthetical reference if it is not mentioned in the text. Example: To Kill a Mockingbird illustrates the racism that existed in the South in the 1930s (Lee).

3. If you are citing part of a work and identify the author in your text, give the page number in parentheses. Example: Sagan claims that there are many inhabited planets in the Universe (54).

4. Without the author in your text give both author and page numbers in parentheses. Example: "There are billions and billions of stars" (Sagan 46).

5. If your source is the same in two consecutive citations, only the page number is necessary after the second.

6. For directions and examples of how to handle parenthetical citation of other types of sources, see Writer’s Inc.